Class 11 Physics NCERT solutions of Chapter 1- Physical World
The NCERT solutions of class 11 physics chapter 1 physical world are the solutions to fundamental questions raised in our brain by the observations around the physical world. The purpose of these NCERT solutions of class 11 physics chapter 1-physical world is to get awareness of the physical world around us. We will find out here how the observation of the physical world has led humans in the advancement of science and technology. After studying these NCERT solutions of class 11 physics chapter 1-physical world, you can predict the second industrial revolution on the earth. Chapter 1 of class 11 physics-Physical world plays the role of an anchor in studying physics, so it is the chapter that is mandatory to study before we go deeper into physics.
Class 11 Physics NCERT solutions of Chapter 1- Physical World
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Q1.1. Some of the most profound statements on the nature of science have come from Albert Einstein, one of the greatest scientists of all time. What do you think did Einstein mean when he said: “The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible”?
Ans. In this physical world, the illusion from the microscopic world to the macroscopic world looks complicated as an example the moon is revolving around the earth, the particle theory of solid, liquid, and gas but scientists have made possible to explain all of these in terms of a few basic laws, so it is clear, according to Einstein that the most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible.
Q1.2. “Every great physical theory starts as a heresy and ends as a dogma”. Give some examples from the history of the science of the validity of this incisive remark.
Ans. According to the earlier wave theory of light, that light travels in a straight line and is white in color later Newton proposed the particle theory of light by the experiment of dispersion of the light and concluded to the fact that light is made of colored particles, so it was heresy later ends as dogma because it is still accepted that light is made of seven colors. Young and hygiene proposed wave theory of light by the experiment on reflection, refraction, and interference, it was heresy and later ends as dogma because still, it is acceptable, Einstein propounded the dual nature of light that light is made of tiny particles by his experiment on the photoelectric effect, he stated that light is a wave as well as made of tiny energy packet known as photons was heresy and later ends as dogma because the dual nature of light explains all the properties of light.
Q1.3. “Politics is the art of the possible”. Similarly, “Science is the art of the soluble”. Explain this beautiful aphorism on the nature and practice of science.
Ans. There are no fixed principles, discipline, and norms in politics that a politician follows to get the votes or to remain in power, a politician creates their own ways to survive in the field of politics that make it possible for him to rule in the states, these ways can’t be necessarily true for other politicians so it is well said that politics is the art of the possible, in contrary to this scientist by means of the study of nature, experiments and observation establishes fundamental principles of science which are universally true, as an example, Plank discovered quantum theory and then on the basis of this theory Einstein explains the photoelectric effect of light and propounded the theory of dual nature of light, so it perfectly matches up with the statement that science is the art of the soluble.
Q1.4.Though India now has a large base in science and technology, which is fast expanding, it is still a long way from realizing its potential of becoming a world leader in science. Name some important factors, which in your view have hindered the advancement of science in India.
Ans. In India, the factors responsible that hinder the advancement of science and technology are the following.
- The insufficient fund for infrastructure required for the development of science and technology, scientists don’t get facilities required for research and development and consequently migrated abroad.
- There are no proper facilities at the school level like labs, apparatus, etc for developing the interest of science among the children.
- Interference of politics in the field of science and technology hinders its development, there is indifferences among the political parties in making guidelines, directions and principles required for the development of science and technology.
- Superstitions and traditional thoughts of Indian society also is a hurdle that slows down to adopt the world of science.
- Lack of coordination between scientists and Indian industrialists. The industrialists are the actual consumers of science and technology, they don’t have faith in Indian scientists and import technology from abroad.
- Poor pay scale and facilities of scientists as compared to administrators also is a measure cause it is that’s why many of the talented engineers tend to go in the field of administration and scientists prefer administrative posts for his son or daughter.
Q1.5. No physicist has ever “seen” an electron. Yet, all physicists believe in the existence of electrons. An intelligent but superstitious man advances this analogy to argue that ‘ghosts’ exist even though no one has ‘seen’ one. How will you refute his argument?
Ans. There are several scientific phenomena from which we get the clue that electron exist like electricity i.e the flow of electrons, in a closed path, the drift of matter towards electrodes but we never see phenomena resulted due to the presence of ghosts, so it does not make sense to compare electron to ghost in case of their non-visibility.
Q1.6. The shells of crabs found around a particular coastal location in Japan seem mostly to resemble the legendary face of a Samurai. Given below are two explanations of this observed fact. Which of these strikes you as a scientific explanation?
(a) A tragic sea accident several centuries ago drowned a young Samurai. As a tribute to his bravery, nature through its inscrutable ways immortalized his face by imprinting it on the crab shells in that area.
(b) After the sea tragedy, fishermen in that area, in a gesture of honor to their dead hero, let free any crab shell caught by them which accidentally had a shape resembling the face of a Samurai. Consequently, the particular shape of the crab shell survived longer, and therefore in course of time, the shape was genetically propagated. This is an example of evolution by artificial selection.
[Note: This interesting illustration is taken from Carl Sagan’s ‘The Cosmos’ highlights the fact that often strange and inexplicable facts which on the first sight appear ‘supernatural’ actually turn out to have simple scientific explanations. Try to think out other examples of this kind].
Ans. (b) is the correct scientific explanation because this explanation is supported by the theory of evolution by artificial selection.
Q1.7.The industrial revolution in England and Western Europe more than two centuries ago was triggered by some key scientific and technological advances. What were these advances?
Ans. The revolutions in England and other Western countries were the cause of some key scientific and technological advances. Some of them are as follows.
- The invention of the spinning genny for spinning the cotton fibers by James Hergreeves boosted the cotton industry and factory system of manufacturing of yarn initiated.
- The Discovery of the steam engine by James Watt gave birth to railway transport thereby increased communications between the people boosted the science and technology to another level.
- The invention of blast furnaces leads to manufacturing different kinds of ores like stainless steel which were used in railways tracks and other equipment and machines.
- The Discovery of electricity and the introduction of the principle of electromagnetism gave birth to the invention of motor and dynamo and many other similar inventions in England and Western Europe triggered an industrial revolution and became advance compared to the rest of the world.
Q1.8. It is often said that the world is witnessing now a second industrial revolution, which will transform society as radically as did the first. List some key contemporary areas of science and technology, which are responsible for this revolution.
Ans. There are many applications and ideas propounded by the scientists which are not utilized so far in the development of science and technology but it is sure that in future another industrial revolution might occur. There are some of the contemporary areas of science and technology, which are responsible for this revolution are following.
- Artificial intelligence, humans are tending to manufacture machines impacted by the environment around it so that outcome becomes perfect, in the future, it can be predicted that many tasks would be done by robots looks like a human.
- Development in super-fast computer
- Development in the field of space, humans would explore the whole of the planets and galaxy for matter and energy resources.
- Development in the field of biotechnology, the human would may try to change the genes of zygote to make it superhuman.
- Development of superconductivity at room temperature
- Advancement in the field of electronics, informational technology, and nanotechnology.
Q9.Write in about 1000 words a fiction piece based on your speculation on the science and technology of the twenty-second century.
Ans. At present we plan to make a journey to a place on the earth either by car or by plane, in future the people on earth may plan to visit other heavenly bodies like mars in the solar system or other stars which are hundreds of light-years away from us. In the future suppose a spaceship is heading towards a star, the electricity produces in the equipment and circuits installed in it is through the process of magnetic induction, all the electric connections are made by the superconducting wires. The spaceship passes through a region of the magnetic field, the speed of the spaceship is accelerated because the magnetic field induces a high current in the wires, but when spaceship passes through a high temperature, due to excess heat the superconductivity is lost but another space ship attached to it in which one chamber is filled with matter and another chamber is filled with antimatter activated and the journey of the space ship is carried to continue.
Q10.Attempt to formulate your ‘moral’ views on the practice of science. Imagine yourself stumbling upon a discovery, which has great academic interest but is certain to have nothing but dangerous consequences for human society. How, if at all, will you resolve your dilemma?
Ans. The target of science is for improving the living standard of society if a scientist is stumbling upon a discovery, which has great academic interest but is certain to have nothing but dangerous consequences for society. The work of scientists is to share his discovery to the society for expanding knowledge, he has to tell the society about the truth. The discovery which is dangerous today after further research may be compatible with the incoming age. The future scientists may get references from the discovery and make it good for society.
Q11. Science, like any knowledge, can be put to good or bad use, depending on the user. Given below are some of the applications of science. Formulate your views on whether the particular application is good, bad, or something that cannot be so clearly categorized:
(a) Mass vaccination against smallpox to curb and finally eradicate this disease from the population. (This has already been successfully done in India).
(b) Television for the eradication of illiteracy and for mass communication of news and ideas.
(c) Prenatal sex determination
(d) Computers for the increase in work efficiency
(e) Putting artificial satellites into orbits around the Earth
(f ) Development of nuclear weapons
(g) Development of new and powerful techniques of chemical and biological warfare).
(h) Purification of water for drinking
(i) Plastic surgery
(j ) Cloning
(a) Mass vaccination against smallpox to curb and finally eradicate this disease from the population -good, it is good for the eradication of a fatal disease from the earth.
(b) Television for the eradication of illiteracy and for mass communication of news and ideas. – Good
Good for removal of illiteracy and mass communication
(c) Prenatal sex determination – Bad
Can lead to gender ratio skewness and inequalities in society
(d) Computers for the increase in work efficiency – Good
Improving the efficiency of work and globalization
(e) Putting artificial satellites into orbits around the Earth- Good
No. of uses like transmission etc. not possible by conventional methods
(f ) Development of nuclear weapons – Bad
Can result in mass destruction of people, buildings, and factories.
(g) Development of new and powerful techniques of chemical and biological warfare. – Bad
All are methods of destroying lives and can be misused.
(h) Purification of water for drinking – Good
Need of the hour. Can stop many dangerous diseases and ensuring health.
(i) Plastic surgery – Good
For improving the disfigured parts of the body.
(j ) Cloning- Good
With reference to the medical application for curing ailments(b) Television for the eradication of illiteracy and for mass communication of news and ideas. – Good
Good for removal of illiteracy and mass communication
(c) Prenatal sex determination – Bad
Can lead to gender ratio skewness and inequalities in society
(d) Computers for the increase in work efficiency – Good
Improving the efficiency of work and globalization
(e) Putting artificial satellites into orbits around the Earth- Good
No. of uses like transmission etc. not possible by conventional methods
(f ) Development of nuclear weapons – Bad
Can result in mass destruction of people, buildings, and factories.
(g) Development of new and powerful techniques of chemical and biological warfare. – Bad
All are methods of destroying lives and can be misused.
(h) Purification of water for drinking – Good
Need of the hour. Can stop many dangerous diseases and ensuring health.
(i) Plastic surgery – Good
For improving the disfigured parts of the body.
(j ) Cloning- Good
With reference to the medical application for curing ailments
Q12.India has had a long and unbroken tradition of great scholarship — in mathematics, astronomy, linguistics, logic and ethics. Yet, in parallel with this, several superstitious and obscurantist attitudes and practices flourished in our society and unfortunately continue even today — among many educated people too. How will you use your knowledge of science to develop strategies to counter these attitudes?
Ans. India has had a long and unbroken tradition of great scholarship — in mathematics, astronomy, linguistics, logic and ethics. Yet, in parallel with this, several superstitious and obscurantist attitudes and practices flourished in our society and unfortunately continue even today — among many educated people too. How will you use your knowledge of science to develop strategies to counter these attitudes?
In order to popularise scientific explanations of everyday phenomena, mass media like radio, television and newspapers should be used. We shall use our knowledge of science to educate masses and shall try to tell them the real cause of an event so that their superstitious beliefs are rejected.
Q13.Though the law gives women equal status in India, many people hold unscientific views on a woman’s innate nature, capacity and intelligence, and in practice give them a secondary status and role. Demolish this view using scientific arguments, and by quoting examples of great women in science and other spheres; and persuade yourself and others that, given equal opportunity, women are on par with men.
Ans:
No difference is noticed in the ability of women and men as far as work, intelligence, decision making is concerned. Nature makes little difference in the anatomy and feeling of men and women. The nutrition content of prenatal and postnatal diet contributes a lot towards the development of a human body. If equal opportunities are provided to both women and men, then the female mind and body will be just as efficient as a man’s. The list of great women who have excelled in their respective fields is enormous. Names of
- Madame Curie,
- Indira Gandhi,
- Florence Nightingale,
- Margaret Thatcher,
- Mother Teresa,
- Sarojini Naidu,
- Kalpana Chawla,
been taken from fields varying from sociology to science and they all very well-known for their contribution to the world. Reflecting the contribution being made to each and every sphere of life in the country, it can be positively debated that women are no less essential to society than men.
Q14.It is more important to have beauty in the equations of physics than to have them agree with experiments”. The great British physicist P. A. M. Dirac held this view. Criticize this statement. Look out for some equations and results in this book which strike you as beautiful.
Ans.The statement of great British Physicist P. A. M. Dirac is partially true. For example,E=mc² , F= ma are
some of the simple and beautiful equations of physics that have universal application.
However, this is not the case always. The equations involved in the general theory of relativity and some of the
latest works of higher Physics are neither simple nor beautiful. They are rather difficult to understand.
Q15.Though the statement quoted above may be disputed, most physicists do have a feeling that the great laws of physics are at once simple and beautiful. Some of the notable physicists, besides Dirac, who have articulated this feeling, are Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Chandrasekhar and Feynman. You are urged to make special efforts to get access to the general books and writings by these and other great masters of physics.
Ans.
There is no doubt that great laws of physics are at once so simple and beautiful and are easy to grasp. For example, let us look at some of these :
(i) E = is a famous Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence relation which has a great impact not only on the various physical phenomenon but also on the human lives.
(ii) Plank’s quantum condition i.e. E = h is also a simple and beautiful equation and it is a great law of Physics.
iii) x . p > h / 4 is Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle which is also very simple, beautiful, and interesting. It is a direct consequence of the dual nature of matter.
(iv) = h/p is also a famous equation in Physics known as the de-Broglie equation. It is again simple and beautiful.
Q16.Textbooks on science may give you the wrong impression that studying science is dry and all too serious and that scientists are absent-minded introverts who never laugh or grin. This image of science and scientists is patently false. Scientists, like any other group of humans, have their share of humorists, and many have led their lives with a great sense of fun and adventure, even as they seriously pursued their scientific work. Two great physicists of this genre are Gamow and Feynman. You will enjoy reading their books listed in the Bibliography.
Ans. Scientists as other humans have hobbies and are humorists. For e.g, Albert Einstein had the hobby of playing the violin. So apart from doing their serious work on physics they also have fun in their lifestyle. Thus the image of science and scientists is patently false which states that science is tough and boring.
You may read a few of the books which support the above statement and tell you about the lifestyle of some famous scientists.
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Chapter 1-Sets | Chapter 9-Sequences and Series |
Chapter 2- Relations and functions | Chapter 10- Straight Lines |
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Chapter 4-Principle of mathematical induction | Chapter 12-Introduction to three Dimensional Geometry |
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Chapter 2-Inverse Trigonometric Functions | Chapter 10-Vector Algebra |
Chapter 3-Matrices | Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry |
Chapter 4-Determinants | Chapter 12-Linear Programming |
Chapter 5- Continuity and Differentiability | Chapter 13-Probability |
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