What are the refractive index, relative refractive index, absolute refractive index, critical angle, and internal reflection?

You can study in this post

• Relative refractive index
• Absolute refractive index
• Snell’s law
• Optical density
• The list of the refractive index of the important substances
• Internal reflection

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Refractive index, relative refractive index, absolute refractive index, critical angle, and internal reflection

Refractive index:The Refractive index of a substance(or medium) is the ratio between the velocity of light in a vacuum and the velocity of the light in that substance(or medium). Let the velocity of the light in a vacuum is C and the velocity of the light in the substance is V then the refractive index(μ) of the substance is given by

μ = C/V

Relative refractive index: Relative refractive index of a medium is the refractive index of one medium to another medium is the ratio between the velocity of light in another medium to the velocity of the light in the medium. Let the velocity of the light in the first medium(1) is V₁ and the velocity of the light in another medium(2) is V₂

Considering the refraction of the light through a glass slab

Let light ray is passing from medium 1(air) to medium 2(glass)

Snell’s Law: Snell’s law is defined as the ratio between the sine of an incident angle to the sine of a refracted angle is always constant.This constant is actually the refractive index of the material if medium 1 is air or vacuum.

The Refractive index of medium 2 is also given by

μ = sini/sinr

  The refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2 is (n₁₂)  is given by

n₁₂ = V₂ /V₁ 

And the refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 is (n₂₁)  is given by

n₂₁ = V₁ /V₂ 

Therefore if the refractive index of the medium 1 (n₁₂ ) is given then the refractive index of the medium 2 (n₂₁ ) is given by

n₂₁ = 1/n₁₂

Absolute refractive index: In the case of relative refractive index (n₁₂ ) if medium 1 is vacuum or air then the refractive index of medium 2 with respect to air or vacuum is known as the absolute refractive index(μ).

The absolute refractive index is given by

μ = C/V

Where C is the velocity of the light in the vacuum and V is the velocity of the light in the given medium.

When we talk about the simply refractive index, it is the absolute refractive index. The refractive index of the important substances is given as follows.

Optical density: Optical density of a matter is proportional to the refractive index of the matter, let’s take the example when a light ray passes from air to glass, the speed of the light decreases, so we can say that the optical density of glass is more. Optical density is proportional to the refractive index of the matter.

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Critical angle: If a light ray passes from medium 1 to medium 2 then the critical angle is the angle of the incident for which the angle of refraction is 90°

Internal reflection: If the angle of incident is more than the critical angle then the refracted ray become as it would appear to be reflected from the interface of both medium that is known as internal reflection. As an example the critical angle of the diamond is 41.1°, when we see a crystal of diamond it shines intensively due to internal reflection.

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